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The digital world is known for acronyms and jargon, which can be overwhelming for non-technology based vocabularies. To help you navigate the technology speak, Avansic created the following list of key terms.
Key Terms
AffidavitA sworn statement of fact that can be entered as testimony in a court of law. This statement is notarized and can be used in lieu of that individual’s appearance in court. Clawback A method of data exchange suggested by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in which one party releases data to another party while not relinquishing the right to later declare items or documents within as privileged. In practice, clawback is best performed using a third party intermediary. Data Carving The process of examining a computer’s slack and free space to try and discover any relevant file artifacts. De-Dupe The process of removing duplicate files, often used in the e-discovery process. De-NISTing or De-NSRLing Technique used to remove files from a document set that are known to belong to certain software program. Also called “Known File Filtering”. NIST refers to the list of file hashes created by the National Institute of Standards and Technology that was initially used in known file filtering. More recently, the known file list is generated by the National Software Reference Library (NSRL). Deposition Taking of testimony outside of the courtroom. This is typically done with counsel for both sides of the case present and comprises part of the discovery process of litigation. Digital Forensics The process of recovering digital information for legal or investigative purposes, including information that is presumed hidden or deleted. Digital Media Any digital device that contains some type of memory. Any piece of digital media can be forensically investigated. The most common types of digital media are computer hard drives, cell phones. Electronic Discovery Also known as e-discovery. The process of retrieving large amounts of active information from electronic devices. A broad approach to finding the information you need. En Camera Set of documents containing all privileged documents, as well as the privilege log, and when documents are being produced during the course of litigation. ESI (Electronically Stored Information) Electronically Stored Information is any information stored on a digital device or on digital media. This term is commonly used in the Electronic discovery industry. Evidence Information that is presented in trial or court to help prove the existence or non-existence of a fact. Forensics Copy (Image) A special copy of a hard drive taken by a forensics specialist that duplicates every single piece of information, written as 0s and 1s, on the hard drive. This special copy ensures that all of the information on the drive can be investigated, including deleted files. Forensic Examiner A professional trained in recovering digital information for legal or investigative purposes. Hard Drive The part of a computer that contains all programs, documents and the operating system. Hard drives can also be contained within other electronic devices, including iPods. Hash A hash value is a small digital fingerprint of data commonly used to test if data has been altered. Indexing A term used to describe the preparation of data to be searched. Similar to the index in the back of a textbook, this process allows quick and ready searching of the entire electronic device. For other searching techniques, the addition of a keyword or term requires a search of the entire drive again. Internet History A computer’s record of which Web sites have been visited. Information Security/Information Assurance The practice of protecting, detecting and preventing information systems from unauthorized and potentially harmful events. Metadata Data containing valuable information about the history of an electronic document, including access dates, formatting changes and users of the document. Native File A file produced in the same form in which it was created and stored. For instance, a Word document that is produced as .doc file or an Excel file that is produced as .xls file is a native file. PST, OST (Mail Store) If Microsoft Outlook is used as the e-mail program, e-mails are stored in a single file with the extensions ".pst" or ".ost." Privilege Log When documents are held back from being produced due to privileged content, such as attorney-client or doctor-patient communications, a privilege log is kept of the specific documents and the reason for their exclusion. This log is produced to the opposing counsel and to the judge for the case. Production The release of documents requested by the other party’s attorneys during litigation. Production can also include the release of documents from a digital forensics or electronic discovery firm to clients, generally in the form of a CD or DVD. Redaction Editing sensitive documents before release to the public. With today’s heightened awareness of the legal implications of exposing information, it is common to redact even e-mail messages before sending them. Server (File or Email) A computer used to allow general access to commonly used files and software through a network. Slack/Free Space The unused space on a hard drive that contains leftover and deleted information. Summation Load File Summation is a litigation support software that allows loading and review of electronic documents. A load file is used to link documents in TIFF format (see below) to their specific attributes within the Summation program. This file can be included in a document production if the information is intended for use in the Summation program. TIFF, JPG, PDF files Common file types for electronic document production. The .tiff and .jpg file types are image files, and .pdf is a document file that is generally used to transfer content that the user does not wish to be changed. PDF files appear the same regardless of the computer’s operating system. |
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